If you were a man amongst the Mandan people of North America and wanted to stay part of the tribe, you really had to earn it. The rite of passage through which they went was known as the Okipa ceremony and it was extraordinarily brutal. The young men would endure 4 days of fasting and sleeplessness before having wooden skewers inserted through the skin of their chest and backs. They were then hung from the roof of a hut by these skewers until they passed out from the pain at which point their left little finger was amputated and they would set off on a race around the village to prove their strength
Love, Loyalty, and The Trolley Dilemma
As humans we are pre-disposed to bonding in groups. We all know the joy in belonging, whether that’s to a family group, a sports team, or some kind of club or society. We rapidly develop a sense of loyalty to groups to which we feel we belong, this is known as ‘in-group loyalty’. At its most intense in-group loyalty takes the form of ‘identity fusion’ which is when a person feels a visceral sense of belonging to a group, a sensation so strong that the person primarily identifies themselves as a member of the group rather than an individual (1).