If you were a man amongst the Mandan people of North America and wanted to stay part of the tribe, you really had to earn it. The rite of passage through which they went was known as the Okipa ceremony and it was extraordinarily brutal. The young men would endure 4 days of fasting and sleeplessness before having wooden skewers inserted through the skin of their chest and backs. They were then hung from the roof of a hut by these skewers until they passed out from the pain at which point their left little finger was amputated and they would set off on a race around the village to prove their strength
Small, Smaller, Smallest. Kind, Kinder Kindest. But Good, Better, Best. What happened there?
The English language is a glorious hotchpotch. Built on Germanic foundations, it has significant influences from Norse, French, Latin and Greek but has also borrowed words from languages as diverse as those from the Indian subcontinent and even the native languages of the Caribbean. All of these influences make the language a bit bonkers; where any rules exist, they seem to be broken as often as they are observed.
A Double Victoria Cross, A Family of High Expectations, and How to Develop a Moral Code
The Peter Principle: Is Everyone Bad at Their Job?
People working within organisations will keep getting promoted until they are incompetent to do their job. This is then the level where they will remain, no longer competent enough to be promoted further, and also no longer displaying the competence which led to them being promoted in the first place.
How to Train a Dog to Roast a Hog
Imagine yourself as a weary traveller in the 18th Century arriving, after a long and hard day’s journey, at your inn for the night. What could be more welcome than a decent piece of roast beef or pork? As the inn keeper you would of course want to offer this to your guests but roasting large hunks of meet in those days was hard work. It all needed to be spit-roasted over an open fire, turned throughout the cooking process to ensure an even result.
The Echoes of Ancient Numbers
Do you see what I see? The Unsettling Link Between Language and Colour Perception
What can we rely on if not the evidence of our own senses? Seeing is believing, is it not? Vision feels like something concrete and immutable and colour perception in particular seems like something that should beyond outside influence. My own understanding of colour perception was that it was a more or less a passive thing. Light hits at object, the object reflects certain wavelengths of that light into our eye and the brain recognises those wavelengths as colours.
But this, in fact, is wrong.
The Arrogance of Ignorance: The Dunning-Kruger Effect
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a psychological phenomenon where people with a little knowledge on a topic massively overestimate their knowledge or competence in that subject. This results in an over-inflated self-assessment of their abilities and strong, but misplaced convictions relating to it. In essence, they don’t know enough to know where the gaps in their knowledge lie. Without knowing what they don’t know, they are convinced that what they do know is absolutely right and correct.
Why BoJo won't go: The Science of Power Addiction
When David Davis said to Boris Johnson, ‘In the name of God, go,’ I think he was articulating what many of us were thinking. Regardless of the outcome of the civil service investigation, it seems hard to see how Boris can survive the partygate scandal. Even if he is found not to have broken any laws, hearing a Prime Minister say that he didn’t know that a garden full of people drinking wine and eating cheese was as a party, makes him seem so absurd that it would be grounds on its own to consider him unfit for his job.